Structures and Forces

Structures and Forces

Through this book you know following questions

What is Structure?
Types of Structures....
What is Mass Structure?
What is Frame Structure?
What is Shell Structure?
Variation of Design in Structures?
How Would Time and Place Affect Design???
Things to Consider When Building a Structure....
Types of Materials...
Joints and Types of Joints...
 Mass, Forces, Loads and Structures...
Difference Between Force and Weight...
Types of Forces...
External and Internal Forces....
How Structures Fail....
Designing with Forces

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12 Marla (3264 Sft) House Plan

Very Beautiful Home Drawing 2D Plan

Size of Plot 48ft x 68ft
Area of Plot 3264 Sft

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WATERCOURSE DESIGN IN PAKISTAN

Through This book you know the following questions  

 What is Designing
Objectives of Watercourse Design
Causes of Water Loss in Water Course
Benefits of Watercourse improvement
Quality of Designing

Terminology used in watercourse designing

Outlet / Mogha	The hydraulic structure through which irrigation water is discharged into watercourse.
Non modular outlet	An outlet in which discharge depends upon the hydraulic head difference between FSL canal and FSL watercourse. E.g. scratchly outlet, pipe outlet, in submerged condition
Semi modular outlet	An outlet in which the discharge depends upon water level in canal only, and is independent of water level in watercourse. E.g. open flume, adjustable orifice outlets.
Modular outlets	An outlet in which the discharge is independent of water level in canal and watercourse.
Crest of mogha	The bed or sill of mogha at constricted section
LRTB	The elevation of lower side of roof block fixed in AOSM outlet
Width of throat	Width of constriction section of outlet
Discharge	Volume of water flow per unit of time. Also known as flow rate
Watercourse	Channel which conveys water from canal to the field for irrigation purpose
FSL	FSL (Full Supply Level) represents water surface elevation
Slope	The difference in elevation per unit length (drop per unit length)
Side slope	It is the slope of inclined surface of trapezoidal channel and is expressed as ratio of horizontal to vertical. (Z:1)
Head loss	Decrease in FSL due to slope
Flow depth	Difference between water surface level and bed level of a channel
Freeboard	The height of berm above the maximum designed water surface
Turnout	Control structure that diverts water from watercourse to the field
Check Structure	Structure that heads up the FSL up to elevation needed for the turnout
Drop	Structure used to drop water at lower level and dissipate its excess energy.
Syphon	Structure that carries the discharge of one channel beneath the bed of another channel
Berm	Bank of the channel
Velocity	Distance covered in unit time
Wetted perimeter (P)	Cross sectional length in contact with water
Hydraulic radius R	Ratio of flow area (A) to wetted perimeter (P) R=A/P It expresses the shape of the channel.
Roughness coefficient	The resistance or friction between water and channel. Also known as Manning’s ‘n’
Hydraulics	Term denoting flow and characteristics of a liquid
Nomograph	Sloution to Manning’s equation in graphical form
Conveyance / delivery efficiency	Ratio of the water delivered from the canal to water delivered to the farm
Right of Way	The space fixed by the Government for a community watercourse along its sanctioned route.

 

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